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Refers to the philosophical and theological ideas and doctrines derived from the work of Augustine (354-430), bishop of Hippo, and associated with the Augustinian orders. The intellectual tradition of Augustinianism has been influential since the Middle Ages, when it developed. Augustine offered an optimistic ontology and an escape from skepticism. He also formulated a cosmic theory to account for the plurality of form in the world and to reconcile it with the uniqueness of God's creative act. Augustine also described the ultimate goal of human life as a life of beatitude combined with ethical-political concern. Primacy of faith, knowledge of the soul, divine illumination, and grace are all essential aspects of Augustinianism. Augustine believed that truth resided in man's soul and it was this truth alone that instructs man. This truth, the greatest proof of God's existence, confers joy and happiness. Augustine's speculation on the Trinity and predestination were also highly influential.